For example, convection may take place in a set of compositionally different layers, which may inhibit the upward heat transport perhaps double diffusive convection is a limiting factor.

The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti cyclones.

In the context of heat and mass transfer, the term convection is used to refer to the sum of advective and diffusive transfer.

It is thought to proceed in the so called stagnant lid regime, where a stiff, cold outer layer of Callisto conducts heat without convection, whereas the ice beneath it convects in the subsolidus regime.

The lower temperature water will tend to freeze from the top, reducing further heat loss by radiation and air convection, while the warmer water will tend to freeze from the bottom and sides because of water convection.

The Rayleigh number can be understood as the ratio between the rate of heat transfer by convection to the rate of heat transfer by conduction or, equivalently, the ratio between the corresponding timescales (i.e.

Convection cells A convection cell, also known as a Bénard cell is a characteristic fluid flow pattern in many convection systems.

Convection Air and other gases are generally good insulators, in the absence of convection.

If this is not the case, however, then the plasma becomes unstable and convection will occur, forming a convection zone.

Once the material diffusively and radiatively cools just beneath the photospheric surface, its density increases, and it sinks to the base of the convection zone, where it picks up more heat from the top of the radiative zone and the convective cycle continues.

When a planet generates a significant amount of heat internally, such as is the case for Jupiter, convection in the atmosphere can transport thermal energy from the higher temperature interior up to the surface.

Free, or natural, convection occurs when bulk fluid motions (streams and currents) are caused by buoyancy forces that result from density variations due to variations of temperature in the fluid.

Heatwave after heatwave

Forced convection is a term used when the streams and currents in the fluid are induced by external means such as fans, stirrers, and pumps creating an artificially induced convection current.

Another convection driven weather effect is the sea breeze.

Convective zone In the Sun's outer layer, from its surface to approximately 200,000 km below (70 of the solar radius from the center), the temperature is lower than in the radiative zone and heavier atoms are not fully ionized.

With heat from the bottom and heat from the top.

Granular convection Vibration induced convection occurs in powders and granulated materials in containers subject to vibration where an axis of vibration is parallel to the force of gravity.

All else equal, a larger storm will impact a larger area for a longer period of time.

This convection process causes the lithospheric plates to move, albeit slowly.

I am hot.

I'm hot.

Is it hot?

A lot of heating, frictional heating. It's going 18 thousand miles an hour.

A dynamo requires three things a conducting liquid, rotation, and convection.

It's a hot day.

Higher convection in the warmer water may also spread ice crystals around faster.

Like cumulus clouds, they form at low levels and via convection.

It was hot yesterday.

It was very hot.

I am hot.

I'm hot.

We're hot.

It's hot in here.

It's hot in here.

Yesterday was hot.

I like the heat.

Was it hot yesterday?

It is hot today!

The occurrence of convection in the outer envelope of a main sequence star depends on the mass.

That's a heat engine.

Heat, cold and salt

The existence of a corona appears to be dependent on a convective zone in the outer layers of the star.

As the temperature of air increases, the index of refraction of air decreases, a side effect of hotter air being less dense.

It is believed that this convection zone creates the magnetic activity that generates sunspots.