Even worse, dukes often went into feuds against each other that, more often than not, escalated into local wars.

References See also Visigoth Cantabri Cantabria

Neither the Dukes of Beck nor of Glücksburg were sovereign rulers they held their lands in fief to the sovereign Dukes of Schleswig and Holstein, i.e.

It was occupied by the Dukes of La Roca during the Christian period.

The House descends patrilineally from the Dukes of Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Beck.

His death began an interregnum of years (the Rule of the Dukes ) during which the dukes did not elect any king, a period regarded as a time of violence and disorder.

The race was on among the royal dukes to marry and produce an heir.

In 1345, Calw became part of Württemberg, and by the 16th century, it had become the summer residence of the Duke of Württemberg.

The shroud was damaged in a fire in 1532 in the chapel in Chambery, France.

The position of Lord High Constable of Scotland is hereditary in the family of the Earl of Erroll.

In 584, threatened by a Frankish invasion, the dukes elected as king Cleph's son, Authari.

The city which emerged from the camp was ruled by the Dukes of Savoy and the Bishop of Lausanne.

The palace was bought by the Medici family in 1549 and became the chief residence of the ruling families of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

The present Dukes of Buccleuch, Richmond, Grafton and St Albans descend from Charles in unbroken male line.

The dukes yielded half their estates for the maintenance of the king and his court in Pavia.

In medieval England, duchies associated with the territories of Lancashire and Cornwall were created, with certain powers and estates of land accruing to their dukes.

Another new concept of the time was the systematic foundation of new cities, both by the Emperor and the local dukes.

When Frederick III needed the dukes to finance war against Hungary in 1486 and at the same time had his son, later Maximilian I elected king, he was presented with the dukes' united demand to participate in an Imperial Court.

These concessions saw the very considerable power of the king parcelled out and retained by leading comites and duces (counts and dukes).

It comes from the fact that the Dukes of Bedford, a leading English aristocratic house, also bore the surname Russell.

Queen Mary, although British like her mother, was the daughter of the Duke of Teck, a descendant of the German Dukes of Württemberg.

He defeated the dukes of Guise and Nemours, but the young Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, knocked him half out of the saddle.

) The distinction between the Belgae to the North and the Celts to the south, and the Germani across the Rhine, is disputed.

The longest surviving duchy was Schleswig, i.e., Sonderjylland (a portion of which later became part of Germany).

For the first time, the assembly of the electors and other dukes was now called the Imperial Diet (German Reichstag ) (to be joined by the Imperial Free Cities later).

The 1232 document marked the first time that the German dukes were called domini terræ, owners of their lands, a remarkable change in terminology as well.

John and Thomas Holland, the king's half brother and nephew, were promoted from earls of Huntingdon and Kent to dukes of Exeter and Surrey, respectively.

Although the royal age of majority was fixed at 14, the dukes maintained their grip on Charles until he took power at the age of 21.

The lands of modern day Belarus and Ukraine, as well as local dukes (princes) in these regions, were firmly Orthodox Christian (Greek Catholic after the Union of Brest), though.

Aegyptus was subdivided for administrative purposes into a number of smaller provinces, and separate civil and military officials were established the praeses and the dux.

In 746, Carloman ended an uprising by summarily executing all Alemannic nobility at the blood court at Cannstatt, and for the following century, Alemannia was ruled by Frankish dukes.

Six other greater states had one vote each in the Federal Assembly the King of Bavaria, the King of Saxony, the King of Württemberg, the Elector of Hesse, the Grand Duke of Baden and the Grand Duke of Hesse.

The small landed class, however, lacked the political influence necessary with the king (and the dukes) to control the politics and legislation of the kingdom.

Poland, or at least its nucleus, was ruled at various times either by dukes (the 10th 14th century) or by kings (the 11th 18th century).

In the interval between the fall of independent Jorvik under Eirik Bloodaxe, last King of Jorvik (d. 954), and the first creation of the Dukedom of York, there were a few Earls of York.

He decided to reopen struggles against the Pope, who was supporting the dukes of Spoleto and Benevento against him, and entered Rome in 772, the first Lombard king to do so.

This impressive palace, famous all over Europe, had greatly expanded since it had first become the seat of the Dukes of Brabant, but it was destroyed by fire in 1731.

On 23 January 1878 at the Basilica of Atocha in Madrid, Alfonso married his first cousin, Princess Maria de las Mercedes, daughter of Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, but she died within six months of the marriage.

Here, the king and the dukes agreed on four bills, commonly referred to as the Reichsreform (Imperial Reform) a set of legal acts to give the disintegrating Empire back some structure.

During the rule of his uncles, the financial resources of the kingdom, painstakingly built up by his father Charles V, were squandered for the personal profit of the dukes, whose interests were frequently divergent or even opposing.

The dukes of Saxony became kings (Henry I, the Fowler, 919) and later the first emperors (Henry's son, Otto I, the Great) of Germany during the 10th century, but they lost this position in 1024.

The general attempted without success to consolidate power to himself in dictatorship form, following the example of the regime of dukes and generals that prevailed in France upon the fall of Napoleon III and after the defeat of the Paris Commune.

Although some procedures and institutions had been fixed, for example by the Golden Bull of 1356, the rules of how the king, the electors, and the other dukes should cooperate in the Empire much depended on the personality of the respective king.

In the 13th and the 14th centuries, members of the Šubić family were most frequently elected dukes by the citizens of Trogir Mladen III (1348), according to the inscription on the sepulchral slab in the Cathedral of Trogir called the shield of the Croats , was one of the most prominent Šubićs.

The invasion force of 1544 was similarly well equipped and organised, although command on the battlefield was laid with the dukes of Suffolk and Norfolk, which in the case of the latter produced disastrous results at Montreuil.